絶対復習

1 戦闘停止, 休戦, 停戦；休戦［停戦］協定 休戦の白旗 休戦を発表する 休戦する …と休戦協定を結ぶ.

・    arrange a truce with ...

2 （苦悩・苦痛などの）軽減, 一時的休止, 中断, 中止 ********************************************************************************************************************************

Suspected U.S. airstrike kills 3 in northwest Pakistan
By Rasool Dawar
Sunday, December 27, 2009

MIR ALI, PAKISTAN -- A suspected U.S. missile strike killed three people Saturday in a northwest Pakistani tribal region where insurgent groups focused on fighting U.S. troops in Afghanistan are concentrated, two Pakistani intelligence officials said.

The missile strike apparently was the latest in a lengthy campaign of such attacks by the United States, which rarely discusses the covert program but has said in the past that it has taken out several top al-Qaeda operatives. Pakistan publicly opposes the strikes but is thought to secretly assist in the operations.

Saturday's strike occurred in the Babar Raghzai area of North Waziristan and also wounded two people, the officials said. The identities of the dead were not available. The officials spoke on the condition of anonymity because they are not authorized to talk to the news media on the record.

The area targeted is used by militants from two major factions that are battling U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan -- the network of Afghan insurgent leader Siraj Haqqani and the militants of warlord Hafiz Gul Bahadur.

U.S. missile strikes in North Waziristan are sensitive largely because Pakistan has a truce with Bahadur. He agreed to stay on the sidelines as the Pakistani army has waged an offensive in South Waziristan against the Pakistani Taliban, a group that has focused on attacking the Pakistani state.

Missile strikes on his territory could endanger that deal, analysts have said. However, the United States has indicated in the past that it will not hesitate to launch the drone-fired missiles if it tracks down an important target.

The South Waziristan ground offensive was launched in mid-October, but many leaders of the Pakistani Taliban are thought to have fled to other parts of the lawless tribal belt -- including North Waziristan and the Orakzai region.

Information from the conflict zones is difficult to independently verify because of restricted access. The operation in South Waziristan has coincided with an increase in militant attacks in Pakistan, putting the country on edge as more than 500 people have died since October.

An explosion caused by a firecracker Saturday rattled the southern city of Karachi, wounding 19 people as a group of minority Shiite Muslims staged a procession nearby for the Islamic holy month of Muharram, officials said.

Also Saturday, a local government official said the Taliban had beheaded a tribal elder who had fought against them in the Bajaur region. The remains of 45-year-old Gul Mohammad were found in Mamund town near a road, Faramosh Khan said.

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☆Hafiz Gul Bahadur

Hafiz Gul Bahadur (c.1961 - )[1] is the leader of a Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) faction based in North Waziristan and is the militant group's overall naib amir after Hakimullah Mehsud, who is based in South Waziristan.[2]
/> Background

Gul Bahadur, a direct descendant of Mirza Ali Khan, is a member of the Madda Khel clan of the Uthmanzai Waziris. Educated in a Deobandi madrassa located in Multan, he is affiliated with the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam-Fazal (JUI-F) political party.[1]

Gul Bahadur fought in Afghanistan during the Soviet war in Afghanistan and later during the rule of the Taliban.[1] He returned to Pakistan in late 2007 and attempted to distance himself from the TTP after the group began to attack government forces. In late 2008 missile strikes from U.S. drones in North Waziristan strained the peace deal with Islamabad that he had agreed previously to observe in 2006.[3]

☆Madda Khel

Madda Khel is a Pashtun clan of Allaiwals of the Swati tribe, Batagram district, NWFP of Pakistan. Historically, Madda khel had 600 fighting men against English at the end of the 19th century during the British colonial rule.

The area Madakhail consist of two closely located regions. Soray (dark) Madakhail and Peetao (in sun) Madakhail. The population of Pitao is greater than that of Soray. The most literate village in Pitao is that of Gowandla and Tetay.

Madakhail region has been joined to topi,district swabi,via road in december 2008.Most of the people travel preferably to topi for shopping instead of darband nowsadays.

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パシュトゥーン人

パシュトゥーン人(Pashtūn)は、アフガニスタン内で最大の人口を持つ民族。パフトゥーン(Pakhtun)、パターン(Pathan)、アフガン（アフガーン (Afghān)）など様々な名で知られ、アフガニスタン（アフガーニスターン (Afghānistān)）は、ペルシア語・ダリー語で「アフガン人（パシュトゥーン人）の国」という意味。
歴史 [編集]

アフガニスタンの中部・南部およびパキスタン北西部の北西辺境州・辺境部族自治区に各1千数百万人が居住し、アフガニスタン人口の45%とパキスタン人口の11%を占める。民族の居住地域が大きく分散していないのにも関わらず、2つの国家に分割されているのは、19世紀当時にアフガン戦争によってこの地域を支配下に置いていたイギリスが、保護国アフガニスタンと植民地インドとの境界を民族分布を考慮せずに引いたためである。

インド・ヨーロッパ語族イラン語派のパシュトー語を話し、多くの部族集団に分かれて伝統的には山岳地帯で遊牧などを行って暮らしてきた。強固な部族の紐帯を維持しており、パシュトゥーンワリと呼ばれる慣習法を持ち、男子は誇りを重んずる。部族の中では、カンダハール、ヘラート、ファラー州に居住するドゥッラーニー部族連合とガズニー州等に居住するギルザイ部族連合の2大部族が有力である。

10世紀頃にイスラム教を受け入れ、のちにイランのサファヴィー朝やインドのムガル帝国の支配を受けた。その一派は18世紀初頭にサファヴィー朝に対して反乱を起こし、1722年に首都イスファハーンを陥落させるが、アフシャール朝のナーディル・シャーに敗れた。

ナーディル・シャーの死後、彼に従っていたドゥッラーニー族のパシュトゥーン人アフマド・シャー・アブダーリーはカンダハールでアフシャール朝から自立し、アフガニスタン国家の起源となるドゥッラーニー朝を建国する。

ドゥッラーニー族が支配するアフガニスタンでは、パシュトゥーン人部族の有力者（貴族）が国家のあらゆる側面で力を持ち、国家を支配してきた。1978年の社会主義クーデターとそれに続くアフガニスタン内戦はパシュトゥーン人の支配力を減少させたが、依然として同国最大の民族集団であり、20世紀末期に権力を握ったターリバーンはパシュトゥーン人を支持基盤としていた。

ターリバーン政権崩壊後のアフガニスタンの指導者となったハーミド・カルザイもまたパシュトゥーン人である。
パキスタン国内のパシュトゥーン人 [編集]

1893年の国境線（デュランド・ライン）の画定に伴い、パシュトゥーン人の居住地域は、アフガニスタンと現在のパキスタン北西部に分かれることとなった。現在、パシュトゥーン人は、パキスタン人口の11%を占めている。

パシュトゥーン人は、M.アイユーブ・ハーン大統領、グラム・イスハク・ハーン大統領等、多くの政治家を輩出しており、ビジネス界にも進出している。90年代初めのデータによれば、軍将校の20%、警察幹部の16%、高級官僚の10%以上がパシュトゥーン人だった。

パシュトゥーン人政党としては、人民国家党（アバミ・ネイシェネル・パルタ）が存在する。同党や北西部州の一部の活動家の中には、統一パシュトゥーン人州（パシュトゥーンフバ・スバ）の創設を主張する者もいるが、多くのパシュトゥーン人は、補助金や特権の喪失を恐れて、これに賛同していない。 ********************************************************************************************************************************
As the Taliban's insurgency in Pakistan escalates, the US and Afghan National Army have identified Pakistani-based Siraj Haqqani as the primary threat to security in eastern Afghanistan. Siraj Haqqani, the son of the influential Taliban leader and former defense minister Jalaluddin Haqqani, was described as "one of the most influential insurgent commanders in eastern Afghanistan" who has "vied for the lead role as the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan’s prime antagonist."

Siraj is believed to be dangerous not only for his connections with the Afghan Taliban, but with al Qaeda's central leadership. "Siraj is part of a younger, more aggressive generation of Taliban senior leadership that is pushing aside the formerly respected elders," said Army Lieutenant Colonel Dave Anders, the director of operations for Combined Joint Task Force-82, which oversees operations in eastern Afghanistan. "Now, the Haqqani network is clearly in the hands of Siraj, and the face of it is evolving, becoming more violent and self serving."

The younger Haqqani's "extended reach brings foreign fighters from places like Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Chechnya, Turkey and Middle Eastern countries into Afghanistan," said Major Chris Belcher, a spokesman for Combined Joint Task Force-82. This represents a growing trend to internationalize the Afghan jihad by bringing in foreign fighters and using tactics such as suicide attacks, which were rare in the past.

Siraj is believed to have eclipsed his father in power and influence, and is said to "rival Mullah Omar for the Taliban leadership," said Belcher. "In many ways, he’s simply smarter and more respected."

"He is growing more and more powerful within the Taliban networks, and some would argue his authority exceeds that of elder leaders, who Siraj may believe are becoming obsolete,” said Belcher. "The younger leaders demonstrate little respect for the elder leadership. They have become more brutal. They disregard the former motivations for fighting, and they tend to look for opportunities to displace or undermine the old leadership."

US and Afghan forces are now actively working to dismantle the Haqqani Network, which is active in Khost, Paktia, Paktika, Ghazni, Logar, Wardak, and Kabul provinces and provides support to Taliban networks in Kunar, Nangarhar, Helmand, and Kandahar provinces. "A desired effect of these operations has been to disrupt the Haqqani network," said Anders. Thirty members of the Haqqani Network have been captured during recent operations in eastern Afghanistan.

"Siraj Haqqani is the one who is training, influencing, commanding and leading," Anders said. "Kidnappings, assassinations, beheading women, indiscriminate killings and suicide bombers - Siraj is the one dictating the new parameters of brutality associated with Taliban senior leadership."

Siraj's ascension to power may partly due to the decline of his father's health. Jalaluddin has long been believed to be ill, and rumors have persisted he died in June after a bout of hepatitis.

Jalaluddin Haqqani is a leader of the Taliban in North Waziristan. "He became close to Osama bin Laden during the jihad and after the Taliban took control, he served as minister of tribal affairs in its government," PBS' Frontline reported in an extensive feature on the senior Haqqani.

The Haqqani family runs several mosques and madrassa, or religious schools, inside of North Waziristan. The Pakistani government closed down the Haqqani-run Manba Ulom madrassa after the US commenced Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, but it was reopened in 2004. Syed Saleem Shahzad, who interviewed Siraj in 2004, described the Manba Ulom madrassa as "a center of jihadi activities, and where top Taliban and al-Qaeda commanders meet."

The US military put a $200,000 reward out for Siraj and 11 other mid-level Taliban, al Qaeda, and other allied commanders. Also included with Siraj were Abu Laith al Libi, al Qaeda's military commander in Afghanistan, and Tahir Yuldashev, the leader of the al Qaeda-aligned Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan.